FOIA Advisor

FOIA News: CrossFit, Inc. Files FOIA Suit To Compel NIH Foundation, CDC Foundation Transparency On Donors

FOIA News (2015-2024)Kevin SchmidtComment

CrossFit, Inc. Files FOIA Suit To Compel NIH Foundation, CDC Foundation Transparency On Donors

Crossfit, Inc. Press Release, Oct. 4, 2018

CrossFit, Inc. announced today that it has filed a lawsuit under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to compel the release of emails from the Foundation for the National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC Foundation) and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (NIH Foundation) concerning their legally-mandated transparency reports and the concealment of information about the donations both entities receive. The nonprofit U.S. Right to Know is also a plaintiff.

"During a health crisis, a country naturally turns to its national health institutions. And yet, instead of responding effectively to the problems of type-two diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, liver disease, opioid addiction and other chronic diseases, to name just a few, the NIH and CDC have been embroiled in numerous, high profile ethical scandals involving the very industries that have contributed to our Nation's chronic disease and opioid epidemics," the complaint asserts. "Concomitant with those scandals, the CDC Foundation and NIH Foundation have failed to comply with their legal transparency requirements, engaging in opaque partnerships with opioid manufacturers, soda companies, the NFL, and other corporations that represent major and direct conflicts of interest for any institution purported to care for the public's health."

Read more here.

Court opinions issued Oct. 1, 2018

Court Opinions (2015-2024)Allan BlutsteinComment

Biear v. DOJ (3rd Cir.) -- reversing district court’s decision and finding that: (1) plaintiff’s request to Criminal Division for records containing his name was reasonably specific even though he did not identify the specific office where records were likely to be located; (2) plaintiff was not required to administratively appeal withholdings made by FBI after plaintiff commenced his lawsuit and district court should have maintained jurisdiction over case instead of dismissing it as moot.

Dorsey v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys (D.D.C.) -- on remand from the D.C. Circuit, determining that EOUSA properly relied on Exemptions 7(C) and 7(F) in withholding certain records pertaining to plaintiff’s criminal prosecution.

Judicial Watch v. Dep’t of State (D.D.C.) -- concluding that of nineteen disputed documents pertaining to agency’s response to press inquiries about email between Hillary Clinton and Jake Sullivan, agency properly withheld nine documents and improperly withheld ten documents pursuant to deliberative process and attorney-client privileges.

Summaries of all published opinions issued since April 2015 are available here.

Q&A: Snap, crackle, and sue

Q&A (2015-2024)Allan BlutsteinComment

I am a consultant who helps retailers who are enrolled in SNAP (aka food stamps). A retailer based in New York received a USDA letter that accused the retailer of food stamp trafficking. I submitted a FOIA on the retailer’s behalf that asked for all documents, photos, etc of the case write up. After five months, USDA responded with documents but many were heavily redacted. So I did an administrative appeal within 90 days.

Last week, after 350 days, USDA denied my administrative appeal by essentially using the sample language as before Exemption 5/7 etc. Its response indicated that I can file for judicial review. I looked at other FOIA websites and they seem to state we can do this ourselves and have provided very helpful templates which I plan to use. But, I have a number of questions that these websites do not address.


Q1. Do I even need to go judicial? Can I just resubmit a new FOIA again to USDA/FNS and restart the process? 
A. You may submit a duplicate request, of course, but the agency will likely send a duplicate response or simply refer you to its earlier response. If you do not wish to file a lawsuit, you can try to ask the agency to reconsider its appeal response. Note that neither the statute nor the agency’s regulations entitle requesters to seek reconsideration of appeals, but the agency is permitted to respond to such requests as a matter of discretion. Additionally, you might wish to seek assistance from the Office of Government Information Services.

Q2. If I appeal judicially, do I have six years to file with the District Court?
A. Not quite. The applicable statute provides that "every civil action commenced against the United States shall be barred unless the complaint is filed within six years after the right of action first accrues." 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a). A FOIA claim "accrues" when a party has actually or constructively exhausted all administrative remedies. Thus, your claim accrued—and the six-year clock began to run—twenty business days after USDA received your administrative appeal, not on the date USDA issued its appeal response. See Reep v. DOJ (D.D.C. 2018).

Q3. During that six years, does USDA/FNS have to wait for me to see if we will file a judicial FOIA appeal or is it allowed to continue with working on the case?
A. The agency has discretion to reopen your request even if you do not file a lawsuit, but it is not required to do so.

Q4. If I decide to file a FOIA appeal judicially, this RCFP website suggests I file: (1) a short-form complaint and/or (2) a “Motion for Vaughn Index” (https://www.rcfp.org/federal-open-government-guide/federal-freedom-information-act/how-file-foia-lawsuit). Do I need to do both 1 and 2? Can they be filed at the same time? Which takes less time for the government to complete? A. In my experience, most FOIA plaintiffs do not file motions for a Vaughn Index, as you can see from the FOIA Project’s database of FOIA lawsuits. The government typically prepares a Vaughn Index in connection with its motion for summary judgment.

Q5. Can I file by mail? USDA/FNS HQ is in DC. I'm assuming Wash. DC District Court. Who do I address the envelope to?
A. The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia has a handbook for pro se litigants that addresses these issues.


Q6. What are the fees to file a FOIA appeal? If I do 1 and 2 (from Question #4), are they separate fees for each? Who do I make the check out to?
A. The fee for filing a civil complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia is $400. The full fee schedule and payment instructions are posted on the court’s website here.


Q7. If I do a short-form complaint, I will also include all the dated documentation USDA sent me. And I will include a prepaid postage return envelope. Anything else I'm missing?
A. I again refer you to the court’s pro se handbook for guidance, but I will point out that you at least need to complete a civil cover sheet and multiple summonses. Copies of those forms are available here. You also might wish to refer to copies of recent filings contained in the FOIA Project’s database.


Q8. If I do file a judicial appeal. For #1 and #2 (question 4), do I need to reference the FOIA tracking #? The sample FOIA complaint appeal and Motion for Vaughn Index templates from other websites don't include any FOIA tracking # in their response.

A. Your complaint will not be dismissed if you exclude the request tracking number, because that information is not a material fact. Many FOIA plaintiffs include the tracking number in their complaints, however, for the sake of completeness or to distinguish multiple requests that are being litigated.

Court opinions issued Sept. 30, 2018

Court Opinions (2015-2024)Allan BlutsteinComment

Wadleton v. Dep’t of State (D.D.C.) -- awarding attorney’s fees and costs of $11,726.97 in case involving plaintiff’s employment records, but reducing award from $19,222.75 requested by plaintiff due to excessive time billed and unreasonably high hourly rates.

Intellectual Prop. Watch v. U.S. Trade Representative (S.D.N.Y.) -- ruling that agency properly relied on Exemption 3 in conjunction with 19 U.S.C. § 2155(g)(2)-(3) to withhold communications among USTR, industry trade advisory committees, and private-sector consultants about Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement.

Summaries of all published opinions issued since April 2015 are available here.

Court opinions issued Sept. 27-28, 2018

Court Opinions (2015-2024)Allan BlutsteinComment

Sept. 28, 2018

Kwoka v. IRS (D.D.C.) -- holding that IRS could not rely on Exemption 3 and 6 to categorically withhold names of requesters and their organizational affiliations from agency FOIA log.

Hyatt v. USPTO (D.D.C.) -- finding after in camera review that employee’s email commenting about character of plaintiff (a frequent patent applicant) constituted “agency record” for FOIA purposes, and that agency’s reliance on Exemption 6 to withhold email failed “miserably.”

Inst. for Justice v. IRS (D.D.C.) -- concluding that: (1) IRS performed reasonable search for records from its “Asset Forfeiture Tracking and Retrieval System,” (2) agency’s production of records in Adobe format was “the only technologically-feasible route available; (3) agency properly invoked Exemption 7(A) to withhold information related to assets seized in open investigations; (4) agency properly relied on Exemption 7(C) to withhold information pertaining to individuals from whom assets were seized.

Garza v. U.S. Marshals Serv. (D.D.C.) -- finding that USMS, FBI, and DEA performed reasonable searches for records concerning plaintiff’s fugitive arrest and criminal case, and that government properly withheld records pursuant to Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(D), 7(E), and 7(F).

Long v. ICE (D.D.C.) -- denying government’s summary judgment motion (without prejudice) in case that raises question whether plaintiff’s request requires agency to extract and compile existing data from database or, on the other hand, requires agency to create record or conduct research to answer questions.

Hodes v. U.S. Dep't of Treasury (D.D.C.) -- ruling that agency properly relied on Exemption 4 to redact commission percentages paid by IRS to debt collection contractors.

Sept. 27, 2018

Story of Stuff Project v. U.S. Forest Serv. (D.D.C.) -- finding that: (1) agency properly relied on Exemption 4 to withhold non-public records concerning Nestle Waters North America’s operations in San Bernardino National Forest, but that agency needed to clarify whether certain information was in public domain; (2) ruling on applicability of Exemption 9 to “bore holes” would be deferred until agency clarified whether information was in public domain; (3) agency properly withheld records concerning permitting and litigation pursuant to deliberative process and attorney-client privileges; and (4) agency properly relied on Exemption 6 to withhold names of individuals who authored scientific studies or worked on biological surveys.

Micolo v. DOJ (E.D.N.Y.) -- ruling that FBI performed reasonable searches for investigatory records pertaining to bank robbery for which plaintiff was convicted in 2003.

Rosenberg v. DOD (D.D.C.) -- concluding that: (1) agency performed reasonable search for communications sent by former U.S. Southern Command commander John Kelly concerning Joint Task Force Guantanamo; (2) agency properly withheld records pursuant to Exemption 1, section 1.4(g) of Executive Order 13,526, but certain withheld information had been officially acknowledged and other withholdings required supplemental declarations; (3) agency properly withheld records pursuant to Exemptions 3, 6, and 7(E), but fell short with respect to its Exemption 5 withholdings because “foreseeable harm standard” required government to “do more than perfunctorily state that disclosure of all the withheld information—regardless of category or substance—’would jeopardize the free exchange of information between senior leaders within and outside of the [DOD]’.

Michael v. DOJ (D.D.C.) -- determining that: (1) Executive Office for United States Attorneys performed adequate search for records concerning plaintiff’s criminal case; (2) ATF, to which EOUSA had referred records, properly withheld records pursuant to Exemption 3, 6, 7(C), and 7(F), and it also properly withheld records that had been sealed by federal court in North Carolina; and (3) FBI, to which ATF had referred records, properly withheld records pursuant to Exemption 6 and 7(C).

Richardson v. DOJ (D.D.C.) -- deciding that: (1) Executive Office for United States Attorneys performed reasonable search for records pertaining to plaintiff’s criminal case; (2) ATF, to which EOUSA had referred records, properly withheld records pursuant to Exemptions 6 and 7(C); and (3) plaintiff, who contested veracity of documents only, was not entitled to in camera review or discovery.

Cornucopia Inst. v. USDA (D.D.C.) -- holding that: (1) agency properly relied on deliberative process privilege to withhold records pertaining to visits to organic dairies in Texas and New Mexico in 2012, but that it improperly withheld photographs; and (2) agency properly withheld records pursuant to the trade secrets and competitive harm prongs of Exemption 4.

Wellman v. DOJ (D. Nev.) -- agreeing with D.C. Circuit that government cannot withhold portions of documents as non-responsive, but otherwise determining that government properly withheld records pertaining to internal investigation of plaintiff by Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. 

Long v. ICE (N.D.N.Y.) -- denying government’s motion for summary judgment because it failed to demonstrate that plaintiff’s request for immigration enforcement data would require agency to create new records, conduct research or answer questions.

Mathis v. DOJ (D.D.C.) -- determining that: (1) federal court in Georgia and American Red Cross were not subject to plaintiff’s FOIA requests; (2) plaintiff failed to submit proper FOIA request to IRS; (3) plaintiff failed to prove that he submitted request to Department of Defense, which was unable to locate one; (4) Securities and Exchange Commission, Social Security Commission, and FBO performed adequate searches for records concerning plaintiff and found none.

Trucept, Inc. v. IRS (S.D. Cal.) -- granting government’s renewed summary judgment motion after finding that agency performed reasonable search for plaintiff’s administrative files and properly withheld records pursuant to Exemptions 3, 6, 7(C), and 7(E).

Thompson v. Sessions (D.D.C.) -- concluding that plaintiff did not have standing to pursue “policy or practice” claim against DOJ for delaying responses to his requests about his employment, and that plaintiff was not entitled to injunctive relief.

Summaries of all published opinions issued since April 2015 are available here.

FOIA News: Kavanugh's FOIA decision on polygraphs draws scrutiny

FOIA News (2015-2024)Allan BlutsteinComment

A False Charge on Polygraphs

By Theodore Kupper, Nat’l Review, Sept. 28, 2018

Brett Kavanaugh was asked during yesterday’s hearing if he would take a polygraph test. He replied that he would do whatever the Judiciary Committee asked him to, but noted that polygraphs are inadmissible in federal court because they are “unreliable.” That fact is not in dispute, but it generated controversy anyway: A number of journalists and observers pointed to Sack v. Department of Defense, a 2016 case for which Kavanaugh wrote the opinion, as evidence that he had flip-flopped on the issue. 

Read more here.

Court opinions issued Sept. 25-26, 2018

Court Opinions (2015-2024)Allan BlutsteinComment

Sept. 26, 2018

James Madison Proj. v. CIA (D.D.C.) -- deciding that CIA, FBI, and NSA properly issued Glomar responses pursuant to Exemptions 1 and 3 with respect to requests about “a May 10, 2017 meeting in which President Trump allegedly shared ‘sensitive classified information’ concerning a terrorist threat with the Russian Foreign Minister and the Russian Ambassador to the United States.”

Buzzfeed v. DOJ (D.D.C.) -- determining that FBI properly relied on Exemptions 7(A) and 7(E) in refusing to confirm or deny existence of aerial surveillance records pertaining to specific airplanes.

Sept. 25, 2018

SAI v. TSA (D.D.C.) -- ruling that: (1) plaintiff could not add Rehabilitation Act claim regarding format of requested records; (2) agency did not sufficiently demonstrate that records were not “readily reproducible” in format requested by plaintiff; (3) agency failed to explain why it could not release legible copies of six disputed pages; (4) agency’s search was inadequate because agency failed to search four additional offices, failed to demonstrate that it searched relevant time frame, and failed to adequately describe certain searches; (5) additional briefing was necessary as to whether records withheld pursuant to Exemption 3 had been released previously to another requester; (6) agency did not sufficiently explain whether redactions made pursuant to deliberative process privilege in response to one request included factual information, but otherwise agency’s redactions were proper; and (7) agency carried its burden of proof with respect to Exemption 6 and 7(C) withholdings, except for contact information of agency employees.

Bartko v. DOJ (D.D.C.)

Smart-Tek Servs.v. IRS (S.D. Cal.) -- concluding that IRS performed reasonable search for plaintiff’s administrative file and that records of “alter ego” taxpayers were either non-responsive or protected from disclosure pursuant to section 6013 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Summaries of all published opinions issued since April 2015 are available here.

FOIA News: OIP releases new guidelines for 2019 FOIA reports

FOIA News (2015-2024)Ryan MulveyComment

New Guidelines Issued for 2019 Agency Chief FOIA Reports

Dep’t of Justice, Office of Info. Pol’y Blog, Sept. 24, 2018

Last week the Office for Information Policy issued guidelines for the timing and content of agency 2019 Chief FOIA Officer Reports.  The FOIA requires agency Chief FOIA Officers to report to the Attorney General on their performance in implementing the law.  Accordingly, since 2009, the Department of Justice has directed agency Chief FOIA Officers to “review all aspects of their agencies’ FOIA administration” and to report annually to the Department of Justice on the efforts undertaken “to improve FOIA operations and facilitate information disclosure at their agencies.”  

[. . .]

The 2019 Chief FOIA Officer Report Guidelines once again include separate reporting requirements for agencies depending on the number of FOIA requests received in the prior fiscal year.  For 2019, there are two sets of reporting requirements.  Agencies that received 50 requests or less in Fiscal Year 2017 are again required to provide a short narrative on their implementation of the DOJ’s FOIA Guidelines.  All other agencies receiving more than 50 requests have more extensive reporting requirements. 

Read more here.

FOIA News: Reminder - Chief FOIA Officers Council Meeting on Oct. 4

FOIA News (2015-2024)Ryan MulveyComment

The National Archives and Records Administration’s Office of Government Information Services published a notice for the next meeting of the Chief FOIA Officers Council in yesterday’s issue of the Federal Register. The meeting will be held on Thursday, October 4, 2018, from 10am to 12pm. Attendees must register no later than October 2, at 5pm. This meeting is open to the public.